The Ministry of Defence (MoD) must pay the entire cost of renewing the Trident nuclear weapons system, the government confirmed today. This increases the chances of Trident renewal being delayed or scrapped as nuclear weapons have previously been funded by the Treasury.

The Ministry of Defence (MoD) must pay the entire cost of renewing the Trident nuclear weapons system, the government has confirmed today (30 July). The decision increases the chances of Trident renewal being delayed or scrapped, as nuclear weapons have previously been funded separately by the Treasury.

The MoD is reported to be privately furious about the decision. There have been a number of leaks in recent weeks suggesting that the MoD and the Treasury have been battling over the issue. The Treasury appears to have won.

The cost of Trident has been put officially at around £20bn. But the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) calculate the sum at £76bn, while a report commissioned by Greenpeace estimated a cost of £94bn.

Trident renewal is opposed by a number of faith groups, including the Baptist, Methodist and United Reformed Churches, the Church of Scotland and the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). It has also been criticised by several Anglican and Roman Catholic bishops, as well as by a range of NGOs, charities and trades unions.

The effects of this decision remain unclear. One possibility is that the government delay Trident replacement, another is that they eventually choose a cheaper nuclear system instead. Campaigners may see this as an opportunity to put forward a case against the ownership of any nuclear arms at all.

But another possibility is that renewal will go ahead, with severe cuts to other military spending instead. This is likely to increase hostility to nuclear arms amongst the armed forces.

Defence Secretary Liam Fox has let it be known that he wanted the Treasury to fund Trident separately. He said this week that it would be “very difficult” to fund all other MoD projects while also funding Trident. The MoD is facing cuts of between 10 and 20 per cent, less than many other government departments.

The Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne, confirmed that Trident would be funded from the MoD budget this morning. “All budgets have pressure,” he said, “I don't think there's anything particularly unique about the Ministry of Defence”.

His words are likely to anger those who say the MoD should have a privileged status and not be compared to other areas of expenditure.

CND said that the cost of building new Trident submarines would consume at least 25 per cent of the MoD's equipment budget.

“Cost over-runs are a near certainty, with the current Astute submarine programme running 48 per cent over budget and almost four years late,” said a CND statement, “Similar cost over-runs on the Trident replacement submarines could decimate army, air force and surface naval projects”.

CND chair Kate Hudson said that the MoD seemed to want Trident, “but not badly enough to pay for it”.

She added, “Whichever budget it comes from, the reality is that we're all having to endure huge cuts elsewhere so that this white elephant can be retained. The vast spending on nuclear weapons is the millstone round the neck of British defence policy, distorting priorities to face a threat that simply doesn't exist”.

Liam Fox defended Trident to the media last week, saying that “Should Iran became a nuclear weapon state, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Turkey would be likely to follow suit and we could see ourselves in a new nuclear arms race”.

Hudson responded, "Liam Fox is reduced to scaremongering about runaway nuclear proliferation, but if it really is the government assessment that countries like Saudi Arabia will renege on their treaty commitments and develop nuclear weapons, why are we continuing to supply them with vast amounts of weaponry, subsidised by taxpayers?”

The Saudi government is one of the biggest customers of arms manufactured in Britain and/or promoted by the British government, particularly through the multinational arms company BAE Systems. The sale of arms to such an oppressive regime has long been criticised by the Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT), as well as other human rights groups.

The Scottish National Party (SNP), which is opposed to Trident renewal, said that “absorbing Trident into the core defence budget is unsustainable and would have a devastating impact for spending on conventional forces”.

Earlier this week, the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), who consider issues of war and peace and generally take a pro-military line, urged the government to consider dropping the requirement always to have a nuclear submarine on patrol. They said that this would save money.

Trident renewal is supported by the Conservative and Labour Parties, and opposed by the SNP, Plaid Cymru, the Green Party, and a number of Labour backbenchers. The Liberal Democrats opposed Trident renewal until their coalition deal with the Conservatives, under which they will be allowed to abstain in votes on the issue. It remains to be seen whether Liberal Democrat MPs and ministers will use the latest decision on Trident funding to push for alternatives.

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These days people in or near power can't wait to get our opinions so that they can take them seriously, says Graeme Smith. Or so it seems. But underneath the new cyber-Athenian democracy is a deeper crisis of representation with political and theological roots.

When I got home last night there was a message on my answer-phone from David Miliband. He wanted to know what I thought were the main problems facing British politics. He also wanted my advice on how the Labour Party could reinvigorate itself to face the challenges of life under a savagely cutting coalition government.

OK, so it wasn’t actually David Miliband in person. It was a member of his staff who promised to call back soon because David really wanted to know my views. I am sure she will be in touch shortly.

I wasn’t that surprised to get David’s call. A good friend of mine recently converted me to Twitter. One of its joys has been following the tweets of the Labour leadership candidates. David and Ed (the brother) were most active in the early days with Andy, other Ed and Diane catching up now the contest is well underway. And they have been busy soliciting my views on all sorts of things. It seems everyone is building a new politics and as this exciting future unfolds, so my views count.

And it is not just Labour politicians who want to know what I think. The new government has also been asking my advice. George Osborne wants to know where to make the necessary cuts to reduce the deficit. This is great. I have long thought all forms of education were subject to an ineffective regulatory framework. Stop the REF (Research Excellence Framework), abolish the current HE inspection regime, close down Ofsted and end testing and league tables.

It’s not that parents shouldn’t be informed. I am one myself and frankly am desperate for as much information as possible about schools and universities. It’s just that this whole inspection paraphernalia tells me nothing I don’t already know in more detail. I get more from the playground gossip than I do from Ofsted. Nor in my experience do they improve failing institutions. So there are millions to be saved here. Don’t worry I have told George, e-mailed Andy and Ed and will soon be telling David – so watch this space.

The only problem with all this consultation and free advice is that it is interfering with the day job. I feel like a citizen of Athens participating in the great political and philosophical debates of our time. But the Athenians had slaves. Slaves did the hard work so the citizens could debate weighty matters. I don’t have any slaves, and what’s worse I have children who seem to think of me as their slave. So I am struggling to keep up with this constant request for my analysis and opinion.

Of course, cynics will tell me not to worry. What David, Andy, Diane and the Eds really want is not my views but my vote. All this consultation is an electoral ploy on the part of candidates. They are really advised by a small group of close colleagues. This vote seeking doesn’t apply to George of course, at least not yet, but it is easy to argue that he is caught up in the first blushes of a new government. He believes his own spin, or at least his boss’s spin. He is shaping a new politics and this is as much about collaboration as it is coalition. But it won’t last. Politicians promising new politics is as old as the hills, without their durability.

But the cynics are missing something much more fundamental. There is a crisis in our democracy and it is a crisis in political representation. A gap has opened up between the elected and the elector. Good politicians have realised there is a problem, hence the talk about new politics. It has two causes, one short-term and one longer. The short-term cause is the expenses scandal. Politicians were easily portrayed as the greedy ‘other’, snouts in the trough whilst we ordinary folk struggled on working hard.

The longer-term cause is the rise of the professional political caste. This is not necessarily a bad thing. Despite their press, politicians now have to work incredibly hard. There are a large number of demands on our representatives’ time both in the House and the constituency. It is not for everyone. But it means that electors find it hard to recognise and identify with politicians. We don’t see them as our former colleagues, be it miner or manager. They are no longer one of us.

The use of technology to consult with everyone is one solution to the crisis of representation. With Twitter, YouTube, Facebook and even plain old e-mail we can all be Athenian citizens influencing the politics of our day. The pure democracy that Rousseau thought impossible, because it was impractical, is made possible by the internet. And we can assume these networking tools will only improve and become more sophisticated.

But politicians should hesitate before they go too far down this road. Christianity is a religion with a representative figure at its heart. And as traditional theology teaches, this representative human was needed because of the flaws of humanity. Sinfulness, the separation of humanity from its best life, means a crucified Christ. Those flaws in humanity have not diminished with the passing of time or the emergence of technology. Our politics requires us to find a path between the common good of society and the selfish needs of the individual. Going straight to the individual does not solve that problem. Representation does. But it will need to be a renewed and reinvigorated representation.

So when David rings back and asks what I think I shall be telling him we need leaders who can help us trust and identify with our political representatives. For it is in effective political representation that a new politics has its best hope of success.

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© Graeme Smith is Senior Lecturer in Practical Theology at the University of Chichester. He is editor of the journal Political Theology (http://equinoxpub.com/journals/politicaltheology) and his most recent book is A Short History of Secularism (IB Tauris, 2008).

The parliamentary constituency of Penrith and the Border is both the largest and the most sparsely populated in England.

Interfilm North America, part of a global network which looks at the relationship between spirituality and modern movies, has launched its new website.

Interfilm North America, part of a global network which looks at the relationship between spirituality and modern movies, has launched its new website.

The site had been created to build and strengthen a network of communicators who have an interest in contemporary films which explore social justice, human values, and how religion and spirituality are reflected in cinema.

Interfilm is an international network which brings together interested individuals and institutions concerned with film and theology, church and cinema.

The organisation was founded at the initiative of representatives of German, French, Dutch and Swiss Protestant film work in 1955. It is affiliated to the World Council of Churches. Today, it includes Anglican, Orthodox and Jewish experts as well as other Protestant church denominations.

One of Interfilm’s main tasks is to be present at international film festivals with its own jury. For their awards, the juries select films that stand out due to their artistic quality; that reveal human attitudes or expressions of the Christian message or prompt discussion; and which sensitise viewers to spiritual and social questions and values.

At the 41st General Assembly of Interfilm, held in June 2010 in Copenhagen, Denmark, Philip Lee, the World Association of Christian Communication’s Deputy Director of Programmes, was elected as one of three Vice-Presidents. He will represent the interests of Interfilm North America on Interfilm’s Steering Committee.

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The chair of the National Catholic Safeguarding Commission says the Vatican should remove the statute of limitations on prosecution of priests for child abuse.

The chair of the National Catholic Safeguarding Commission (NCSC) has said the Vatican should remove the statute of limitations on the prosecution of priests for child abuse.

William Kilgallon, head of child protection for the Catholic church in England and Wales, added that the time limit was unhelpful and failed to reflect the long-lasting effects of abuse.

Mr Kilgallon said that the Vatican's recent decision to double the time period from 10 years to to 20 was "better than it was", but he would have preferred its abolition.

The Catholic spokesperson was addressing the launch of the NCSC's annual report earlier this week.

The report highlights developments in the protection of children and vulnerable adults in the church.

"Very often, people who have been abused don't report things. They think they won't be believed," he commented. "What happens is, they see someone else has talked, and that gives them the confidence to come forward."

The panel stressed that local Catholic churches were not waiting for instructions from the Vatican on how to deal with sexual abuse, but that churches in each area were acting promptly and concertedly.

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Members of the UN are being urged to uphold the rights to water and sanitation, after the General Assembly voted in favour of recognising the rights.

Members of the United Nations are being urged to uphold the rights to water and sanitation, after the General Assembly voted in favour of recognising the rights.

The UN said an estimated 884 million people lack access to safe drinking water while more than 2.6 billion people have no access to basic sanitation.

The resolution was supported by 122 countries while 41 countries abstained from voting and none voted against.

“After this promising first step, all states must now take the opportunity to protect the life and health of millions and unreservedly support the rights to water and sanitation," commented Amnesty International’s specialist on the right to water, Ashfaq Khalfan.

The rights will next be debated by the Human Rights Council in Geneva in September 2010.

Germany, India, China, Brazil and South Africa supported yesterday’s resolution but the UK and the US, who were among those abstaining from voting, argued that there is no legal basis for the right to water and sanitation.

“There is no legal reason why countries could not support the resolution, the right to water is already part of international law and there is also a strong legal basis for the right to sanitation,” said Ashfaq Khalfan.

“Women who risk their lives when they go to public toilets at night and people whose children die due to lack of clean water should be able to hold their leaders to account over clean water and sanitation,” Khalfan added.

The vote comes after every state in the Asia-Pacific region, South Asia, Africa and South America, at several summits over the past five years, recognised the rights to both water and sanitation.

All 165 member countries of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Council of Europe have also recognised the right to water.

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The plenary assembly of the Symposium of Catholic Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar is due to be held in Accra, Ghana, from 27 July to 1 August.

The plenary assembly of the Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar (SECAM) is due to be held in Accra, Ghana, from 27 July to 1 August 2010.

The event will be attended by some 250 key figures in the Church, including cardinals, bishops, priests, religious and lay persons from Africa and other parts of the world.

SECAM, the president of which is Cardinal Polycarp Pengo, Catholic Archbishop of Dal-es-Salaam, Tanzania, is celebrating its fortieth year of activity with a week of reflection on the theme of 'Self-Reliance and the Way Forward for the Church in Africa'.

Within the context of plenary assembly, Archbishop Leon Kalenga Badikebele, apostolic nuncio to Ghana, will deliver an official message from Benedict XVI to the participants.

The plenary assembly, the highest administrative body in SECAM, meets every three years. This year's agenda includes a meeting of bishops on the central theme of the gathering and a round table discussion, as well as a renewal of their joint commitment to achieve the ideals of the Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar.

The national and regional episcopal conferences of Africa and other bodies affiliated to SECAM will present their evaluations on the Second Special Assembly for Africa of the Synod of Bishops, which was held in the Vatican last October on the theme of 'The Church in Africa, at the Service of Reconciliation, Justice and Peace'.

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School equality campaigners have welcomed government assurance over free schools and extreme groups, but warn that more detail is needed.

UK Secretary of State for Education Michael Gove said yesterday that 'extremist' and sectarian groups will not be allowed to run free schools.

School equality and access campaigners have welcomed the assurance, but warned that further detail is needed.

Mr Gove told MPs on the cross-party Commons education committee: "There are concerns about inappropriate faith groups using this legislation to push their own agenda, but we have been working on the regulations to ensure that we don't have any extremist groups taking over schools."

The Secretary of State additionally assured the committee that 'creationism', a fundamentalist-aligned religious doctrine which denies evolutionary biology, would not be taught as part of a school's science curriculum.

Mr Gove told MPs that he "recognised that there are some people who explicitly do not want their children educated in a faith-based setting" and encouraged atheists to start their own schools.

Andrew Copson, chief executive of the British Humanist Association, said: "We are pleased that the Secretary of State has finally responded to some of the concerns that humanist MPs and peers have raised throughout the Academies Act’s passage through Parliament. We welcome his assurances in relation to the dangers of the influence of fundamentalist religious groups in our school system."

However, Copson added that "there is nothing in the Academies Act itself that will prevent children being exposed to religious indoctrination, nor to stop any particular group from applying to run a state-funded free school. We want to see the government introduce robust safeguards, such as legislative change and statutory guidance, to support today’s assurances."

Commenting on the question of 'atheist free schools', Mr Copson continued: "The BHA campaigns for totally inclusive schools for children of all faiths and none. In our view, many inclusive community schools are already more or less humanist in their ethos and values. If compulsory collective worship was ended and RE became universally objective, fair and balanced, community schools would indeed be ... open and accommodating to all."

Simon Barrow, co-director of the Christian thinktank Ekklesia - which along with the BHA, a leading teaching union and Muslim, Jewish and Hindu participatants, is part of the Accord Coalition, an association of religious and non-religious groups and individuals working for inclusive schooling - said that the Secretary of State needed to specify more explicitly how hard-line and extreme groups would be prevented from monopolising the new free schools.

"Whether schools are sponsored by community groups, businesses, faith organisations, humanists, or anyone else, they should all have open admissions policies, a policy against discrimination on grounds of belief in employment, a commitment to promoting community and equality, and a willingness to teach a balanced curriculum," Barrow added.

"Free schools ought not to mean a 'free-for-all', in the sense of no effective protection for parents from different backgrounds. Likewise, children with disabilities and from low-income and disadvantaged communities should not find themselves pushed aside in a rush to enfranchise the already wealthy, articulate and assertive. From a practical policy perspective, the government has not yet demonstrated how its new 'free school' and Academies programme will work for all, rather than for a minority, with respect to these concerns," said the Ekklesia co-director.

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UK Equalities Minister, Lynne Featherstone has been urged to initiate a government review and public consultation on the ban on gay civil marriage.

The UK Equalities Minister, Lynne Featherstone, has been urged to initiate a government review and public consultation on the ban on gay civil marriage.

The call came during a meeting between Ms Featherstone and a range of lesbian and gay rights campaigners, including Peter Tatchell, which took place at the House of Commons on Tuesday 27 July 2010.

The meeting was convened by Ms Featherstone to take soundings on allowing civil partnerships to have a religious content, which is currently prohibited, and on the option of extending civil marriages to same-sex couples.

"The coalition government should undertake a public consultation to determine whether the ban on gay marriage ought to be lifted. It should invite representations from individuals and organisations and, on the basis of the submissions received, decide if the ban should stay or go," said human rights campaigner Peter Tatchell.

"Maintaining the ban without considering public opinion is unreasonable and unjustified," he added.

Ms Featherstone responded by saying that the government needed to take one step at a time, beginning with giving religious bodies the option to hold civil partnerships, if they wished, in accordance with Lord Alli's successful amendment to the Equality Bill earlier this year.

Mr Tatchell replied: "Action on improving civil partnerships and reviewing the ban on gay marriage are not mutually exclusive. They could run together in tandem.

"This is an issue of equality. In a democratic society, we are all supposed to be equal under the law. The bans on same-sex civil marriage and on heterosexual civil partnerships are not equality. They are discrimination. It's anti-democratic," Tatchell declared.

He added: "The government is out of step with popular opinion. Without any major campaign or wider debate, nearly two-thirds of the British public now say that the law on civil marriage should not discriminate."

A Populus poll for the Times newspaper in June 2009 found that 61 per cent of the public believe that: 'Gay couples should have an equal right to get married, not just to have civil partnerships.' Only 33 per cent disagreed.

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This week I can almost smell the fear of China wafting from the corridors of Whitehall.

A Japanese Christian leader has warned that many refugee status applicants are living under constant threat of detention and deportation.

A Japanese Christian leader has warned that many refugee status applicants in Japan are living under a constant threat of detention and deportation, and if detained they risk being split from their relatives.

"The greatest problem are detentions that separate family members," Naoko Sato, Secretary General of the Tokyo-based Christian Coalition for Refugees and Migrant Workers, told a 25 July 2010 gathering with refugees in the Japanese capital.

"Fathers and mothers are separated from their children for one or two years," Sato told the meeting, which was organised by the Protestant coalition - a group linked to the ecumenical National Christian Council in Japan.

There were 2,332 recognised refugees in Japan as of January 2010, according to the United Nations refugee agency.

In 2009, 1,388 people applied for refugee status in Japan, of whom 30 were recognised as refugees, the government's immigration bureau announced in February this year.

[With acknowledgements to ENI. Ecumenical News International is jointly sponsored by the World Council of Churches, the Lutheran World Federation, the World Alliance of Reformed Churches and the Conference of European Churches.]

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BP was prevented from selling fuel anywhere in central London this morning, when nonviolent Greenpeace activists shut down every petrol station in the area.

BP was prevented from selling fuel anywhere in central London yesterday morning (27 July 2010), when nonviolent Greenpeace activists shut down every petrol station in the area, putting up signs reading, "Closed: moving beyond petroleum".

Greenpeace reported that fifty stations in London were immobilised by small teams of activists, but BP claimed that the number of stations affected was “up to thirty”. Campaigners used a shut-off switch to stop the flow of fuel at each location. They say that the switches were then “safely removed” and taken away to prevent the stations from re-opening.

The direct action began at around 5.30am, ahead of the formal announcement of the appointment of Bob Dudley as BP's new Chief Executive. He will replace Tony Hayward, whose resignation follows a sharp fall in the company's reputation and financial value, triggered by the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.

"We've shut down all of BP's stations in London to give the new boss a chance to come up with a better plan,” said Greenpeace's Executive Director, John Sauven, “They're desperate for us to believe they're going ‘beyond petroleum'. Well now's the time to prove it."

He was speaking outside a petrol station in Camden, north London, where Greenpeace climbers replaced BP's logo with a new version showing the green 'sunflower' disappearing into a sea of oil.

"Forward-thinking companies around the world have realised that fossil fuels are the past and clean energy is the future,” said Sauven, “It looks like Tony Hayward didn't get the memo”.

He added, “Under Tony Hayward the company went backwards, squeezing the last drops of oil from places like the Gulf of Mexico, the tar sands of Canada and even the fragile Arctic wilderness”.

Greenpeace urged BP to “move beyond oil”.

A spokesperson for BP alleged that Greenpeace had put customers and staff at risk. He said, “It is disruptive for motorists and we will be looking at what action to take against those responsible".

He added, “At most of the stations they tried to shut down the power on the forecourts, which is vandalism”. The accusation of vandalism is likely to be thrown back at BP themselves.

BP's board announced record losses today after setting aside around $25-30bn to pay for the massive clean-up job and legal fees resulting from the huge oil spill. BP's share price has fallen by 40 per cent since the incident.

The controversy has drawn attention to the practices of BP, who the World Development Movement accuse of “fuelling climate change”. A number of Christian bodies, including the Church of England and the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), have been urged to ditch their shares in BP, in some cases by their own members.

But BP still plan to extract oil from risky deepwater wells in the Arctic as well as from the tar sands of Canada. Extracting oil from tar sands is generally thought to be around three times more damaging to the climate than drilling for regular crude oil. Greenpeace point that “a spill in the Arctic wilderness could have consequences even more devastating than the current disaster”.

Greenpeace are urging Dudley – who was formerly the BP Group's Vice-President for Alternative Energy and Renewables - to “demonstrate early leadership” by announcing that the company will pull out of a trio of planned tar sands projects in Alberta which are due to be developed next year, and massively scale up the company's investment in alternative energy.

A company presentation delivered by Hayward in March this year shows that over the course of 2010, BP intended to invest $19 billion in their oil and gas business compared with less than $1 billion on all alternative technologies combined. This includes spending on controversial biofuels, as well as all renewables.

Sauven insisted today that, “The age of oil is coming to an end and companies like BP will be left behind unless they begin to adapt now”.

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An Anglican Communion working group has met at Lambeth to turn a proposed Anglican Alliance on relief, development and advocacy into reality.

A working group from across the worldwide Anglican Communion has met at Lambeth Palace in London to plan how to turn a proposed Anglican Alliance on relief, development and advocacy into a reality.

Professionals from five continents working on advocacy, relief and community development programmes reviewed responses to a public consultation on the foundational document and the issues arising from them, and worked together to chart a way forward for the first few years of the Alliance.

On the consultation’s final afternoon, the group reported back to both the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Secretary General of the Anglican Communion, Canon Kenneth Kearon.

Their report included inspiring stories of local church action on relief, development and advocacy currently taking place around the Anglican world and comments on how the Alliance could support this work.

Reflecting on his Church’s programmes in areas of HIV and sexual violence, a Congolese participant, Albert Baliesima said: “This is an opportunity to share our experiences and learn from each other in the Anglican Communion.”

Ollie Pokhana, a participant from the Solomon Islands where the Church helps communities adapt to climate change, agreed: “This Alliance can connect me with other people who are engaged in similar issues so we can get better results.”

Delene Mark from the Anglican Church of Southern Africa described her church’s campaign against human trafficking and reflected on what the Alliance could add: “It could strengthen the voice of the individual churches working on key issues such as human trafficking, but also raise the profile of this campaign at the global level, encouraging churches in other countries to engage.”

Ms Sandra Andrade, the representative from Brazil, emphasised the importance of keeping people ­ especially the most vulnerable ­ at the heart of the vision: “We need to put at the centre the people who will be served by this Alliance, particularly our brothers and sisters who most need our support.”

The Archbishop of Canterbury described the proposed Alliance as something he believed “could really allow local understanding, and local initiative to grow and flourish with the best skills and capacities we, as a church worldwide, can offer.”

It was affirmed that a key aim of the Alliance was to work collaboratively to help equip Anglican churches to be more effective partners with other organisations. The working group’s plan is to establish a light provisional structure to facilitate learning and collaboration while the participants developed the most effective mechanisms for learning from and strengthening grassroots initiatives and promoting regional collaboration.

The Secretary General of the Anglican Communion, the Rev Canon Kenneth Kearon, told the group that this consultation was an encouraging move forward, seeing Anglicans coming together on a common vision around a response to poverty.

Dr Williams also stressed that with the Alliance the Anglican Communion was not trying “to create another huge NGO” but rather something that was“more focused, more intentional; something which could genuinely lead to an exchange of wisdom and experience and build the capacity of churches to be a credible partner for governments and NGOs.”

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Shoso Kamomoto, a survivor of the nuclear attack on Japan, will speak during memorial events in London marking the 65th anniversary of the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

An atomic bomb survivor will be in London next week to mark the 65th anniversary of the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Shoso Kawamoto will be speaking during a series of memorial events, peace walks, vigils, an exhibition and storytelling.

The commemoration is organised by The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) working with the Quakers, and the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, who are providing the materials for the exhibition.

The exhibition, After the Bomb dropped: How Hiroshima and Nagasaki suffered, explores the devastation of the two cities by nuclear weapons through photographs and artefacts recovered from the wreckage. This is on show from 2-12 August at Friends House (opposite Euston Station).

Helen Drewery, General Secretary of Quaker Peace and Social Witness said: “Quakers feel honoured to be able to host this major exhibition at Friends House. It feels appropriate that it should be housed in a building which has been – and continues to be - the hub for so much work for peace. Remembering the suffering caused by war and listening to survivors is a vital part of what drives us to work for better ways to resolve conflict.”

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The Greek authorities should immediately review their policy of locking up asylum-seekers and irregular migrants, including many unaccompanied children, Amnesty International said in a new report today.

The Greek authorities should immediately review their policy of locking up asylum-seekers and irregular migrants, including many unaccompanied children, Amnesty International said in a new report today (27 July).

The report reveals that many are held in poor conditions in border guard stations and immigration detention centres with limited or no access to legal, social and medical aid.

The report's approach is clear from its title, “Greece: Irregular migrants and asylum-seekers routinely detained in substandard conditions”. It reveals that in the vast majority of detention facilities visited by Amnesty International delegates, conditions ranged from inadequate to very poor. Those detained told Amnesty of instances of ill-treatment by coastguards and police.

“Asylum-seekers and irregular migrants are not criminals,” said Nicola Duckworth, Amnesty's Europe and Central Asia Programme Director, “Yet, the Greek authorities treat them as such, disregarding their rights under international law”.

She added, “Currently, migrants are detained as a matter of course, without regard to whether such measure is necessary. Detention of asylum-seekers and migrants on the grounds of their irregular status should always be a measure of last resort.”

Detention prior to deportation can last for up to six months in Greece for asylum-seekers and irregular migrants. Greek law also makes irregular entry into and exit out of the country a criminal offence.

Tens of thousands of irregular migrants and asylum-seekers arrive in Greece each year. The vast majority of asylum-seekers and individuals fleeing war-torn countries reach the country through the Greek-Turkish land and sea borders. They are mostly Afghan, Somali, Palestinian, Iraqi and Eritrean.

“After an often-hazardous journey, migrants end up in detention centres without access to a lawyer, interpreters or social workers,” explained Duckworth, “As a result, their circumstances are not assessed correctly and many in need of international protection may be sent back to the places they have fled, while others may be deprived of appropriate care and support”.

Irregular migrants and asylum-seekers are not informed about the length of their detention or about their future. Amnesty reports that they can be kept for long periods of time in overcrowded facilities with unaccompanied minors being detained among the adults. Those detained have limited access to medical assistance and hygiene products.

Few asylum-seekers are recognised as refugees by the Greek authorities. From the over 30,000 asylum applications examined in 2009, only 36 were granted refugee protection status while 128 were granted subsidiary protection status.

The duration and poor conditions of their detention provoked irregular migrants and asylum-seekers to stage protests in Venna, north-east Greece in February 2010. Likewise, in April 2010, irregular migrants went on hunger strike on the island of Samos to protest against their length of detention.

Duckworth insisted, “Detention cannot be used as a tool to control migration. The onus is on the authorities to demonstrate in each individual case that such detention is necessary and proportionate to the objective to be achieved and that alternatives will not be effective.”

Amnesty International believes the plans being developed by the Greek authorities to establish screening centres should include alternative approaches, such as those running open or semi-open centres for people arriving in the country. They say the authorities need to ensure that irregular migrants and asylum-seekers arriving at those centres have access to free legal assistance and interpreters in languages they understand, as well as medical assistance.

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The health gap between the richest and poorest in Britain is now wider than it was during the great depression, according to researchers from Sheffield and Bristol Universities. The figures reflect a similar growth in economic inequality.

The health gap between the richest and poorest in Britain is now wider than it was during the great depression, according to researchers from Sheffield and Bristol Universities.

They say that the gap was gradually narrowing until the 1970s, when the trend reversed. Health inequality has grown rapidly in the last twenty years. This reflects a growth in economic inequality over a similar period.

The academics compared rates of early death between 1999 and 2007. They report that for every 100 deaths before the age of 65 in the richest areas, there were 212 in the poorest areas.

This compares to a ratio of only 191-100 in the years between 1921 and 1930, and of 185-100 between 1931 and 1939.

The 1920s and 30s are generally considered to have been Britain's hardest economic times during the twentieth century. The First World War from 1914-18 had a devastating effect on British economy and society. These problems were then exacerbated by the beginning of the great depression in 1929, which led to mass unemployment.

“Health and wealth are directly linked,” insisted researcher Danny Dorling, “Unless we tackle the income gap, we could well see life expectancy actually starting to fall for the first time in the poorest areas”.

Several of the candidates in the Labour Party leadership election have said that Labour should not have allowed economic inequality to increase during its thirteen years in office, which came to an end in May this year.

Campaigns for economic equality have gained momentum since the publication last year of the The Spirit Level. The book's authors, Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett, use detailed analysis to demonstrate lower levels of crime, unwanted pregnancy and other social problems in more equal societies. This perspective is now promoted by the Equality Trust.

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Only one in 10 British adults oppose the introduction of women bishops in the Church of England, according to a poll by YouGov. Also, supporters of gay bishops outnumber their opponents.

Only one in 10 British adults oppose the introduction of women bishops in the Church of England, according to an independent poll conducted by YouGov. Pollsters found that 63 per cent support the move, while 24 per cent have no view and three per cent are unsure of their opinion.

The poll, which was not commissioned by any body external to YouGov, comes shortly after heated debate about women bishops at the Church of England's General Synod.

Supporters of openly gay bishops also outnumber opponents. Thirty-nine per cent say they are in favour, with 27 per cent against. In addition, 31 per cent have no opinion, while three per cent say they don't know.

The figures are likely to reinforce the popular perception that Christians are reactionary and reluctant to change. Christians who support sexual inclusion argue that churches should be at the forefront of social change, not struggling to keep up.

The researchers found that women were more likely than men not only to support women bishops, but also to support gay bishops.

Tory voters turned out to be less keen on either idea than Labour and Liberal Democrat voters. Only 58 per cent of Tories said they supported women bishops, compared to 70 per cent of Labour and 73 per cent of Liberal Democrat voters.

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What do Christians witness in the land of frequent pilgrimages but also of infrequent visions known popularly as 'the Holy Land', but riven with conflict? Harry Hagopian draws attention to the history and presence of indigenous Christian communities in the region through a personal exploration and pilgrimage.

Haig is an Armenian Christian from Jerusalem, a city that is six miles and twenty minutes north of Bethlehem. Haig also happens to be my younger brother, and our family have lived in Jerusalem ever since 1915 when my grandparents fled Ottoman Turkey to Palestine during the Armenian genocide. Indeed, Bethlehem and Jerusalem, the fulcra of the Nativity and Resurrection of our Christian faith, were once bustling with local Christians.

In Jerusalem, two of the four quarters of the Old City (the Christian and Armenian ones) are a living testimony to their centuries-old presence. Yet, today, although my brother and his family have steadfastly chosen to remain in Jerusalem, scores of Christians have left in search of more dignified, politically stable and economically viable alternatives.

So what do Christians witness in this land of frequent pilgrimages but also of infrequent visions?

Some 60 short years ago, Christians constituted roughly 25 per cent of the overall Palestinian population in the Holy Land, and around 80 per cent of Bethlehem, Beit Sahour and Beit Jala. Today, those numbers have dwindled drastically - in Bethlehem, for instance, they are just over 15 per cent of the overall population - largely because of the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians. No matter how people choose to interpret facts or massage realities, the political situation has been - and remains to be - the primary cause for the alarming reduction in the number of indigenous Christians in this biblical land.

Christians have almost lost hope in a land that witnessed the incarnation of our hope. Dr Bernard Sabella, a sociologist who is also Executive Secretary of the Department on Service to Palestinian Refugees and Member of the Palestinian Legislative Council, has published numerous statistical studies on the haemorrhaging outflow of local Christians. In one study as far back as 2004, he estimated that local Christians now stood at far less than two per cent of the overall population, suggesting that this decline reflected a dearth in socio-economic and political visions for Palestine.

Over the past 43 years, since the Israeli occupation of Palestinian land in June 1967, rapacious Israeli settlers have colonised Palestinian land - often aided, and frequently abetted, by successive Israeli governments. The physical, demographic and economic integrity of the land - and thereby of the people living on it - has been eroded by deliberate Israeli policies that are not only contrary to international law and UN Resolutions, but that also strive to get rid of Palestinian demography (the people) whilst retaining Palestinian geography (the land).

In Bethlehem, as in many other parts of the West Bank, an ugly separation wall encircles relentlessly the Palestinian areas, dividing one Palestinian from another, one institution from another. With secondary and smaller cement walls buttressing this wall, and with Israeli Jews-only settlements on Palestinian land, along with 400 checkpoints severing towns and villages from each other, Palestinian resources are being snuffed out and have resulted in the creation of small gaols within those territories. The concomitant consequences have been unemployment, poverty, socio-economic meltdown, despair and violence.

Is it still any wonder that Palestinian Christians are leaving in droves?

In a speech on 29th April, Professor John J Mearsheimer, R Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science and co-director of the Program on International Security Policy at the University of Chicago, described some Israelis as the New Afrikaners. Indeed, such corrosive apartheid (separateness in Afrikaans) policies are being exercised by Israel in many Palestinian territories (where Christians live in small numbers amongst Palestinian Muslims). Is it also any wonder that some prominent Christian church and lay leaders issued the Kairos Palestine Document: A Moment of Truth in December 2009 in which they spoke out in liberation theology native terms about faith, hope and love in the heart of Palestinian suffering and against those practices that have condemned their communities to this downward spiral? Can such weakened communities resist any longer?

However, in focusing upon the sinister effects of Israeli occupation, it is equally scrupulous to look at other concerns befalling Palestinian Christians in this once-golden land (as the prophet Zechariah described it). Two contributory strains, I would suggest, are Christian-Muslim relations and Western Christianity.

When I was Ecumenical Consultant for the Churches of Jerusalem during the unlucky Oslo years, I recall how church leaders or their representatives would help nip in the bud any potential strife between Christians and Muslims by calling the late Chairman Yasser Arafat's representatives to seek their prompt mediation. Today, those conduits of conflict resolution are far more complex and much less discernible, and the tensions between Palestinian Christians and Muslims are perceptibly more frequent even if most Palestinians would deny them vehemently due to an overall anxious sense of nationalism. I believe this is due in part to a growing political Islamisation within specific cross-sections of Palestinian society in the West Bank (and certainly in Gaza, with its tiny pocket of Christians and their public institutions) today. Some Muslims have become less inclusive, spurn diversity and openly or secretly consider non-Muslims as infidels who do not belong to the land.

Such attitudes are due to an ill-considered, even blinkered, belief that the links those Christians have with the larger Universal Church in the West (Greece, Rome or London) could turn them into potential political fifth columns! I have heard Palestinians speaking out - often discreetly - about some practices of physical and structural violence whereby Christian shops are the last ones to be frequented for business and where Palestinian Christians are the last to receive financial aid from local authorities. Engage a Christian deacon, ironmonger, butcher, secretary, verger, or physician, and one detects those worries simmering under the chipped veneer of pan-Palestinian solidarity.

This is an unfortunate development that is neither Islamic nor provides proper ijtihad or jurisprudence. But it does occasionally detract from the collective effort necessary to focus on the central objective of Israeli occupation and is alas, a reality that increasingly blights the lives of everyday Christians.

But is the radicalisation of some pockets of Islam the sole reason why a small but important number of Palestinian Muslims are looking charily at Palestinian Christians? Has Palestine become an almost Lebanese clone where confessional politics are taking hold of what has for long decades been a fiercely secular and inclusive society? I for one, remember growing up in a neighbourhood of northern Jerusalem that had many Muslims who were not only ‘neighbours’ but also friends. I am sure that Haig could tell stories about his own experiences of friendships and respectful coexistence. After all, Palestinians had almost always been united by their political aims, not divided by their religious affiliations. One cannot also forget that some of the incipient Palestinian liberation leaders were Christian, as are politicians, parliamentarians and ambassadors today. It is not always helpful to turn into an ostrich in the midst of a sand dune either.

I suggest that the tensions fomented by Islamist radicalism, over and above the Israeli rampant occupation of land, are also exacerbated by fundamentalist evangelical Christian constituencies in the West (largely in the USA) who purport that the Christian faith equates itself with an unquestioning support for Israel. They claim this is because God chose the Israelites as His people and entered into a Covenant with them. It is therefore the duty of Christians, those groups claim, to defend Israel (a political entity) and Israelis (a demographic entity) over the whole biblical land of Israel (a geographic entity).

In my view, such Christians are not only limited by their faith-based periscope but are also ostracising ‘other’ Christians by adhering rigidly to the tenets of the Old Testament, ignoring the transformative message of the New Testament, being selective in their scriptural and prophetic quotations, and releasing Israelis from their obligations in relation to their covenant with God, let alone toward Palestinians. Surely, to be hemmed in by a faith perception that is literalist or exclusivist is not how our Lord and Saviour would have acted today. But such Christians also believe the only way for the Messiah to return to earth (and therefore fulfil prophesies in the Book of Revelation) is through the in-gathering of Jews (in modern-day Israel) so they could be converted to Christianity and pave the way for the Second Coming of Christ.

I cannot frankly see many Jews getting terribly excited by this Christian plan! But there exists today a finite tactical alliance whereby Jews overlook the underlying eschatological motivations of some Western Christians in return for their unstinting financial and political support of Israel. The Old Testament has become the organic nexus between [some] Christians and [some] Jews, at the expense of the New Testament and the indigenous followers of Christ region-wide.

So where do we Christians of the Holy Land stand today as pilgrims of faith on our journeys of faith?

I believe that the three existential challenges I highlighted are together leading some Palestinian Christians to re-calculate constantly their options. His Beatitude Michel Sabbah, emeritus patriarch of Jerusalem, delivered a lecture entitled The Theological, Spiritual and Pastoral Christian Presence in the Middle East at CEDRAC (the Research and Documentation Centre for Arabic Christianity) in Beirut on 5 May 2010 in which he affirmed that Palestinian Christians are cross-bearing witnesses, whose commandment is one of love, of showing how to build a healthy and inclusive society, and of being true bridges with the outside world. I suppose one could add that Jews, Christians and Muslims are united through Abraham and Sarah, hewn from the same rock (Isaiah 51:1), and so it becomes essential to find ways for co-existence in this land between the three monotheistic faiths.

But how does one affirm the Christian presence in the Holy Land? In Bethlehem, for instance, in order to dissuade young Palestinian families from leaving the Holy Land, the Franciscan Order is building new flats and offering them to young Palestinian couples in return for low-rent tenancies. This is a practical - and critical - tool to help counter emigration. But if we mean to tackle the root causes of the problems facing Christians in the Holy Land today rather than paper over the symptoms alone, the first station should be an end to Israeli occupation and its illegal practices. Palestinians must be set free from captivity, imprisonment, separation walls, settlements, ID confiscations and allowed instead to pursue their own destinies and hopes - and to make their own mistakes. Only then could they be expected to put their own house in order - presently in shambles - and become accountable as they edify at long last their independent state.

To those friends world-wide worried about the Christian life, presence and witness across the whole Middle East, I remind them of St Cyril of Jerusalem (315-386) - a contemporary of Epiphanius, Jerome and Rufinus - who stated, Do not rejoice in the cross in time of peace only, but hold fast to the same faith in time of persecution also. Do not be a friend of Jesus in time of peace only but also in time of persecution. Perhaps we should all learn - I before you - to be less à la carte Christians with anaemic faiths and to show instead resoluteness, fortitude and solidarity in our outreach to our neighbours during times of adversity.

This is why I am also cautiously hopeful that the forthcoming Special Assembly of the Synod of Bishops for the Middle East called for by His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI that will take place in Rome from 10-24 October 2010 will manage to discuss carefully, but also openly and judiciously, those three existential issues. The theme of the Synod is The Catholic Church in the Middle East: Communion and Witness and is underscored by the scriptural verse 'Now the company of those who believed were of one heart and soul' (Acts 4:32). In this respect, the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of England and Wales in London, supported by its counterparts in Germany and the USA, will provide support and exposure to this event that will unite all the Catholic Church leadership of the Middle East under one roof in the Vatican.

So today, I invite you to spare no effort in reaching out with love, prayer but also action to those quarantined Living Stones (1 Peter 2:5) who face the daily vagaries of life in the midst of human pain and unholy conflicts. Our Christocentric faith does not call for apathy, nor should it pander to hyper-inflated political correctness or jaundiced cynicism. What it exacts from us can perhaps be summed up for me by St Paul’s Letter to the Ephesians to seek the unity of the spirit in the bond of peace (Ephesians 4:3). Can we all 'do our small bit' and pursue our mission and help ensure that those Living Stones do not inevitably become the deadened sites of the Holy Land let alone of the wider Middle East?

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© Harry Hagopian is an International lawyer & EU political consultant. He also acts as Middle East advisor to the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of England & Wales and as Middle East consultant to ACEP in Paris and is a regular Ekklesia contributor. Formerly, he was Executive Secretary of the Jerusalem Inter-Church Committee & Executive Director of the Middle East Council of Churches. This article was published in Mission Outlook Volume 43 # 2 in July 2010, and is reproduced with grateful acknowledgements. Dr Hagopian’s own website is www.epektasis.net

'Britain’s witch children', a Channel 4 television Dispatches documentary shown on Monday 26 July, was disturbing and revealing.

British Prime Minister David Cameron has launched an unexpectedly strong attack on the conditions in Israeli-blockaded Gaza.

In a conference at the end of his visit to Turkey, the British Prime Minister, David Cameron, has launched an unexpectedly strong attack on the conditions in Israeli-blockaded Gaza.

He described the territory as "a prison camp" and said that the recent Israeli security forces raid on a flotilla of aid ships bound for the territory was "totally unacceptable."

The PM declared: “Turkey's relationships in the [Middle East] region, both with Israel and with the Arab world, are of incalculable value. No other country has the same potential to build understanding between Israel and the Arab world. I know that Gaza has led to real strains in Turkey's relationship with Israel. But Turkey is a friend of Israel. And I urge Turkey, and Israel, not to give up on that friendship. Let me be clear. The Israeli attack on the Gaza flotilla was completely unacceptable. And I have told PM Netanyahu, we will expect the Israeli inquiry to be swift, transparent and rigorous. Let me also be clear that the situation in Gaza has to change. Humanitarian goods and people must flow in both directions. Gaza cannot and must not be allowed to remain a prison camp. But as, hopefully, we move in the coming weeks to direct talks between Israel and the Palestinians so it's Turkey that can make the case for peace and Turkey that can help to press the parties to come together, and point the way to a just and viable solution.“

The denunciation will go down especially well in Turkey, which has had positive relations with Israel and wants to see the security and territorial integrity of both Israelis and Palestinians through a settlement in the region - but which has been angry and outraged by the flotilla assault.

The British government has welcomed the lessening of the crippling economic and humanitarian blockade on the territory, but wants Israel to remove it altogether.

Campaigners say that the US and European Union are not being rigorous enough in their pressure.

Also on Ekklesia: 'From Turkey to Gaza: Human rights and fundamental freedoms?', by Harry Hagopian - http://www.ekklesia.co.uk/node/12413

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